![]() Based on expert knowledge from 18 interdisciplinary experts, we first define forest spiritual values (forest spirituality). Our exploratory study investigates spiritual values of forests from European and Asian perspectives, assessing 13 countries. Addressing this research gap is important to avoid the neglect of spiritual values in forest policy and management. The larger interrelations among changing societies, transforming forest landscapes, and evolving spiritual values related to forests have yet to be extensively considered. The development of societies, including spiritual development, is closely connected to forests. Georg Winkel Georg WinkelEuropean Forest Institute, Governance Programme, Bonn, Germany Wageningen University and Research, Forest and Nature Conservation Policy Group, Wageningen, The Netherlands.Gerhard Weiss, Gerhard WeissUniversity of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Institute of Forest, Environmental and Natural Resource Policy, Vienna, Austria.Liisa Tyrväinen, Liisa TyrväinenNatural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Bioeconomy and Environment Unit, Helsinki, Finland. ![]() Mario Torralba, Mario TorralbaUniversity of Göttingen, Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, Göttingen, Germany University of Kassel, Faculty of Organic Agricultural Sciences, Witzenhausen, Germany.Takuya Takahashi, Takuya TakahashiUniversity of Shiga Prefecture, School of Environmental Science, Shiga, Japan.Kalliopi Stara, Kalliopi StaraUniversity of Ioannina, Department of Biological Applications and Technology, Laboratory of Ecology, Ioannina, Greece.Shingo Shibata, Shingo ShibataSophia University, Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Tokyo, Japan.Zahed Shakeri, Zahed ShakeriUniversity of Göttingen, Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, Göttingen, Germany University of Kassel, Faculty of Organic Agricultural Sciences, Witzenhausen, Germany. ![]() Tobias Plieninger, Tobias PlieningerUniversity of Göttingen, Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development, Göttingen, Germany University of Kassel, Faculty of Organic Agricultural Sciences, Witzenhausen, Germany.Davide Pettenella, Davide PettenellaUniversity of Padova, Department of Land, Environment, Agriculture and Forestry, Legnaro, Italy.Ryo Kohsaka, Ryo KohsakaUniversity of Tokyo, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan.Jan Kašpar, Jan KašparCzech University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.Valentino Marini Govigli, Valentino Marini GovigliUniversity of Bologna, Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Bologna, Italy.Ilaria Doimo, Ilaria DoimoEtifor, Valuing Nature - Padova University Spin-off, Padova, Italy.Rik De Vreese, Rik De VreeseEuropean Forest Institute, Resilience Programme, Bonn, Germany Ghent University, Department of Geography, Ghent, Belgium.BhagwatThe Open University, Department of Geography, School of Social Sciences & Global Studies, Milton Keynes, UK Andreas Bernasconi, Andreas BernasconiPan Bern AG, Bern, Switzerland. ![]() KonczalEuropean Forest Institute, Governance Programme, Bonn, Germany Wageningen University and Research, Forest and Nature Conservation Policy Group, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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